Who are the complaint-prone officers?: An examination of the relationship between police officers' attributes, arrest activity, assignment, and citizens' complaints about excessive force

By Steven G. Brandl, Meghan S. Stroshine, James Frank. 2001

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Violence Between the Police and the Public (2006, background): “…has adequately taken into account the pattern of police officers’ routine activities as a crucial empirical control, hence neglecting the fact that police officers are confronted with occasions in which they actually could use force to a different degree (for an exception, see Brandl et al., 2001).”
The Effects of Police Violence on Inner-City Students* (2020, background): “These details are also directly factored into legal assessments of police actions as well as community perceptions of the “reasonableness” of force (Brandl et al., 2001; Braga et al., 2014).”
applying social learning theory to police misconduct (2004, background): “It has been observed that police officers who are most active are more likely to receive complaints, whether they are participating in misconduct or not (Brandl et al. 2001; Lersch 2002; Terrill and McCluskey 2002).”