Safeguarding livelihoods or exacerbating poverty? Artisanal mining and formalization in West Africa

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The Economic Logic of Persistent Informality: Artisanal and Small‐Scale Mining in the Southern Philippines (2015, background): “…to a lesser extent voluntarist — approaches to informal sector activity, and focus on identifying the fiscal-administrative barriers and political impediments that prevent and/or discourage formalization (Hilson, 2013; Maconachie and Hilson, 2011; Tschakert and Singha, 2007; Van Bockstael, 2014).”
A dangerous bet: The challenges of formalizing artisanal mining in the Democratic Republic of Congo (2012, background): “The economic activity of mineral exploitation is closely interwoven with a whole web of social relations, and the mineral trade, including smuggling routes, is historically deeply rooted in local and regional dynamics (see also Maconachie and Hilson, 2011: 300).”
Making Concessions: Extractive Enclaves, Entangled Capitalism and Regulative Pluralism at the Gold Mining Frontier in Burkina Faso (2018, background): “…illegal smallscale mining is also often tolerated by state officials because it is considered as poverty-driven and as contributing to the safeguarding of livelihoods, although it is regulated through largely illegible mechanisms (Geenen, 2012; Maconachie & Hilson, 2011; Verbrugge, 2015).”