A dangerous bet: The challenges of formalizing artisanal mining in the Democratic Republic of Congo

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Making Concessions: Extractive Enclaves, Entangled Capitalism and Regulative Pluralism at the Gold Mining Frontier in Burkina Faso (2018, background): “…illegal smallscale mining is also often tolerated by state officials because it is considered as poverty-driven and as contributing to the safeguarding of livelihoods, although it is regulated through largely illegible mechanisms (Geenen, 2012; Maconachie & Hilson, 2011; Verbrugge, 2015).”
Socio-economic and environmental implications of Artisanal and Small-scale Mining (ASM) on agriculture and livelihoods (2020, background): “The ASM sector, for years, has served as a motor of especially low-skill employment en masse in countries such as Ghana (Banchirigah, 2008), Mali (Teschner, 2014), Malawi (Kamlongera, 2011), The Democratic Republic of the Congo (Geenen, 2012), India (Ghose and Roy, 2007), Indonesia (Fisher et al.”
The Economic Logic of Persistent Informality: Artisanal and Small‐Scale Mining in the Southern Philippines (2015, background): “Others have noted that some ASM operators may not necessarily be interested in acquiring a formal licence (Geenen, 2012), and may well be satisfied with access that is negotiated informally (Van Bockstael, 2014).”