Recognition of cytosolic DNA activates an IRF3-dependent innate immune response.

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NF-κB and the immune response (2006, background): “For example, recognition of cytoplasmic dsDNA leading to NF-kB activation and type I interferon production has also been reported, although the relevant receptor has not yet been identified (Ishii et al., 2006; Stetson and Medzhitov, 2006).”
Interferons and viruses: an interplay between induction, signalling, antiviral responses and virus countermeasures. (2008, background): “There seems a considerable degree of disagreement in the literature about the nature of the foreign DNA-recognition system, for example over the involvement of Cardif/VISA/MAVS/IPS-1 (Stetson & Medzhitov, 2006a; Cheng et al., 2007; Takaoka et al., 2007) or whether NF-kB is activated (Ishii et al., 2”
STING Specifies IRF3 phosphorylation by TBK1 in the Cytosolic DNA Signaling Pathway (2012, methodology): “R. B. Seth, L. Sun, C. K. Ea, Z. J. Chen, Identification and characterization of MAVS, a mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein that activates NF-kB and IRF 3.”
Extracellular M. tuberculosis DNA Targets Bacteria for Autophagy by Activating the Host DNA-Sensing Pathway (2012, positive): “These requirements for autophagy induction by DNA are identical to the immunostimulatory properties of cytosolic DNA (Stetson and Medzhitov, 2006).”