Increased intestinal permeability to macromolecules and endotoxemia in patients with chronic alcohol abuse in different stages of alcohol-induced liver disease.

By A. Parlesak, C. Schäfer, T. Schütz, J. Bode, C. Bode. Journal of Hepatology, 2000

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Intestinal permeability, gut-bacterial dysbiosis, and behavioral markers of alcohol-dependence severity (2014, neutral): “Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108(7):3047–3052.”
Enteric Dysbiosis Associated with a Mouse Model of Alcoholic Liver Disease (2010, background): “In addition, endotoxemia is also frequent in patients with mild forms of alcoholic hepatitis without evidence of fibrosis or cirrhosis.(1,10) Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) as the cellular LPS receptor is one of seven genes associated with increased risk of developing cirrhosis in patients with chronic”
Regulation of intestinal epithelial permeability by tight junctions (2012, background): “to macromolecules with a comparable molecular size to that of endotoxins was higher in alcoholics than in normal subjects [277].”
Intestinal barrier function: molecular regulation and disease pathogenesis. (2009, background): “Similar lesions have been found in healthy volunteers and active alcoholics following acute alcohol consumption,(141,142) and plasma endotoxin levels in alcoholics were found to be 5-fold greater than in healthy control subjects.(143) Although not fully understood, evidence suggests the mechanism un”