Youth labour markets in Spain: Education, training, and crowding-out

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Higher education, changing labour market and social mobility in the era of massification in China (2016, background): “Due to the massification of higher education, university students have to face a crowding-out effect, whereby they have to accept jobs intended for those with lower levels of education or even worse, remain unemployment (Dolado, Felgueroso, and Jimeno 2000; Tomlinson 2007).”
The Emergence of Lowest‐Low Fertility in Europe During the 1990s (2002, background): “In addition, there is a crowding-out process in which better-educated young people are displacing less-educated people from their traditional positions (e.g., Dolado, Felgueroso, and Jimeno 2000).”
Spain is Different: Falling Trends of Inequality (2009, methodology): “De la Rica (2004), using the 1995 Wage Structure Survey, shows that the raw wage gap between fixed-term contracts and open-ended contracts in Spain was 0.43, with 0.09 of it unexplained by observable differences among workers (occupation and individual characteristics).”