Ice nuclei emissions from biomass burning

By M. Petters, Matthew T. Parsons, A. Prenni, P. DeMott, S. Kreidenweis, C. Carrico, A. Sullivan, G. McMeeking, E. Levin, Cyle E. Wold and 2 more. 2009

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Improvements to an Empirical Parameterization of Heterogeneous Ice Nucleation and Its Comparison with Observations (2013, background): “…show that, whereas many of the fresh biomass-burning plumes from various vegetation types have active IN at temperatures as warm as 2308C (e.g., Petters et al. 2009a; Twohy et al. 2010; Pratt et al. 2011; section 3a), fresh urban fossil-fuel pollution tends not to nucleate much ice (K09).”
A Classical-Theory-Based Parameterization of Heterogeneous Ice Nucleation by Mineral Dust, Soot, and Biological Particles in a Global Climate Model (2010, background): “Activated fractions of up to 5% have been observed by Petters et al. (2009), but most experimental data are reported for activated fractions of less than 1% (Möhler et al. 2005; Kanji and Abbatt 2006).”