Procedural justice during police-citizen encounters: The effects of process-based policing on citizen compliance and demeanor

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Measuring Procedural Justice in Police-Citizen Encounters (2015, background): “Dai et al. (2011) attempted to measure the consistency of citizens’ treatment during an encounter (whether all received the same police demeanor, degree of force, and compliance with citizens’ requests).”
Procedural justice and police legitimacy: a systematic review of the research evidence (2013, background): “They found some elements of procedural justice impacted on the dependent variables: police disrespect and use of force influenced citizens’ respect of police, and ‘voice’ was associated with compliance with police (Dai et al. 2011: 163).”
The Impact of Procedurally-Just Policing on Citizen Perceptions of Police During Traffic Stops: The Adana Randomized Controlled Trial (2016, unknown): “Impacts on long-run generalized views of legitimacy often are inferred rather than directly tested by research analyzing the relationship between police–citizen encounters and citizen assessments of police (e.g., see Dai et al. 2011).”
Shaping Citizen Perceptions of Police Legitimacy: A Randomized Field Trial of Procedural Justice (2013, methodology): “Indeed, the link among encounters, citizen assessments of police, and their long-run, generalized views of legitimacy often is inferred rather than tested (see Dai, Frank, and Sun, 2011).”