Stress Analogs of Racism and Sexism: Terrorism, Torture, and Disaster

By C. Willie. 2016

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Devalued Black and Latino Racial Identities (2016, background): “As Pierce (1995) and Pierce, Carew, Pierce-Gonzalez, and Wills (1978) argue, racism has transformed over time from overt, blatant forms of discrimination and prejudice to more covert, indirect, restrained, and ambiguous demonstrations, which they call racial microaggressions.”
‘You make me wanna holler and throw up both my hands!’: campus culture, Black misandric microaggressions, and racial battle fatigue (2016, background): “Black men’s experiences with gendered racism may be overt or covert, acute and/or chronic; they are deeply psychological (Pierce, 1995; Smith, 2004).”
“I Stopped Sleeping”: Teachers of Color and the Impact of Racial Battle Fatigue (2018, background): “The concept of RBF was introduced by William Smith (2004) in an effort to theoretically frame and analyze the profound effect of racism on African Americans in predominantly White institutions of higher education.”
Racial Battle Fatigue for Latina/o Students (2014, background): “The majority of early research investigated Franklin et al. 309 the association of discrimination and blood pressure on African Americans.”