Costs associated with delirium in mechanically ventilated patients*

By E. Milbrandt, Stephen A. Deppen, Patricia L. Harrison, Ayumi Shintani, Theodore Speroff, R. Stiles, B. Truman, Gordon R. Bernard, Robert S. Dittus, E. W. Ely. Critical Care Medicine, 2004

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Lorazepam Is an Independent Risk Factor for Transitioning to Delirium in Intensive Care Unit Patients (2006, methodology): “A full description of the study protocol and clinical outcomes data from this cohort have been published previously.(8,9,14,15) The implication of sedatives and analgesics as risk factors for delirium in this cohort prompted us to conduct an in-depth analysis of the temporal relation between adminis”
Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Pain, Agitation, and Delirium in Adult Patients in the Intensive Care Unit (2013, background): “Page 59 of 181 Delirium in critically ill patients is now recognized as a major public health problem, affecting up to 80% of mechanically ventilated adult ICU patients, and costing $4 – $16 billion annually in the United States alone (315-318).”
Days of delirium are associated with 1-year mortality in an older intensive care unit population. (2009, result): “In a study by Milbrandt, after controlling for potentially confounding variables, mechanically ventilated patients with one episode of delirium had a 40% increase in ICU and total hospital costs compared with patients with no delirium (8).”