Oil palm shell as a lightweight aggregate for production high strength lightweight concrete

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Impact resistance of hybrid fibre-reinforced oil palm shell concrete (2014, methodology): “Recent investigations were focused on the production of high strength OPSC by using crushed OPS, with compressive strength exceeding 40 MPa being successfully developed [12–14].”
Utilization of oil palm kernel shell as lightweight aggregate in concrete - a review (2013, background): “…Liew (2006) 1792 – – Teo et al. (2007) – – 1960 Alengaram et al. (2008) 1850–1960 1639–1715 – Alengaram et al. (2008) 1888 – – Jumaat et al. (2009) – 1670 (foamed concrete) (varies) – Alengaram et al. (2010) 1880 – – Shafigh et al. (2011) – 1868–1937 – a Note: Values vary for different w/c ratios…”
Lightweight concrete made from crushed oil palm shell: tensile strength and effect of initial curing on compressive strength. (2012, background): “It was reported [30] that under air curing (AC), OPS concrete made with uncrushed OPS aggregate with 9.”