“Targeted” Advertising and Voter Turnout: An Experimental Study of the 2000 Presidential Election

By Joshua D. Clinton, J. Lapinski. Journal of Politics, 2004

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Why do People Vote? A Psychological Analysis of the Causes of Voter Turnout (2008, unknown): “…embedded in surveys of nationally representative samples of adults and more detailed correlational studies of real elections failed to turn up any evidence that negative ads discourage turnout (Clinton & Lapinski, 2004; Freedman & Goldstein, 1999; see also Lau, Sigelman, Heldman, & Babbitt, 1999).”
How Large and Long-lasting Are the Persuasive Effects of Televised Campaign Ads? Results from a Randomized Field Experiment (2011, methodology): “Clinton and Lapinski (2004) use a Web-TV panel survey to study the effects of exposure to a presidential ad.”
Attributing Effects to a Cluster-Randomized Get-Out-the-Vote Campaign (2009, background): “(Michelson 2003; Smith, Gerber, and Orlich 2003; Clinton and Lapinski 2004; Arceneaux 2005; McNulty 2005; Wong 2005; Nickerson 2006; Nickerson, Friedrichs, and King 2006; Niven 2006).”