Mechanistic Basis of Antimicrobial Actions of Silver Nanoparticles
By Tikam Chand Dakal, Anu Kumar, R. Majumdar, Vinod Yadav. Frontiers in Microbiology, 2016
1,829 citations recorded by the source corpus.
Multidrug resistance of the pathogenic microorganisms to the antimicrobial drugs has become a major impediment toward successful diagnosis and management of infectious diseases. Recent advancements in nanotechnology-based medicines have opened new horizons for combating multidrug resistance in microorganisms. In particular, the use of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) as a potent antibacterial agent has received much attention. The most critical physico-chemical parameters that affect the antimicrobial potential of AgNPs include size, shape, surface charge, concentration and colloidal state. AgNPs exhibits their antimicrobial potential through multifaceted mechanisms. AgNPs adhesion to microbial cells, penetration inside the cells, ROS and free radical generation, and modulation of microbial signal transduction pathways have been recognized as the most prominent modes of antimicrobial action. On the other side, AgNPs exposure to human cells induces cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and inflammatory response in human cells in a cell-type dependent manner. This has raised concerns regarding use of AgNPs in therapeutics and drug delivery. We have summarized the emerging endeavors that address current challenges in relation to safe use of AgNPs in therapeutics and drug delivery platforms. Based on research done so far, we believe that AgNPs can be engineered so as to increase their efficacy, stability, specificity, biosafety and biocompatibility. In this regard, three perspectives research directions have been suggested that include (1) synthesizing AgNPs with controlled physico-chemical properties, (2) examining microbial development of resistance toward AgNPs, and (3) ascertaining the susceptibility of cytoxicity, genotoxicity, and inflammatory response to human cells upon AgNPs exposure.
Subfields: Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Materials Chemistry
View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/82b1dc52ecb1b81c2d978b098cd8356f525883ca
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Citations in the corpus
- Metal-Based Nanoparticles as Antimicrobial Agents: An Overview (2020, background): “The antimicrobial action of AgNPs is linked to four main mechanisms: (i) attraction to bacterial surface, (ii) destabilization of bacterial cell wall and membrane with change in its permeability, (iii) induction of toxicity and oxidative stress by generation of ROS and free radicals, and (iv) modula”
- Emerging Strategies to Combat ESKAPE Pathogens in the Era of Antimicrobial Resistance: A Review (2019, background): “AgNPs act by releasing Ag ions which results in disruption of electron transport or signal transduction pathway or leads to generation of ROS, ultimately damaging important biomolecules such as cell wall, cell membrane, cellular DNA, and/or proteins (Dakal et al., 2016; Qayyum et al., 2017).”
- Silver Nanoparticles and Their Antibacterial Applications (2021, background): “A second characteristic is that there are multiple mechanisms associated with its antibacterial activity, where it is suggested that they act on the cell membrane, affecting intracellular components, and altering the respiratory chain [35].”
- Nano-Strategies to Fight Multidrug Resistant Bacteria—“A Battle of the Titans” (2018, background): “AgNPs are considered the most effective nanomaterial against bacteria but other metallic NPs, such as CuONPs, TiONPs, AuNPs, and Fe O NPs, have also demonstrated bactericidal effects (Dakal et al., 2016; Hemeg, 2017; Slavin et al., 2017).”
- Silver Nanoparticles: Synthesis and Application for Nanomedicine (2019, background): “The cell wall in Gram-positive bacteria is composed of a negatively-charged peptidoglycan layer with approximately 30 nm in thickness, whereas Gram-negative bacteria have a peptidoglycan layer of only 3 to 4 nm [31,75].”
- Biomedical Applications of Silver Nanoparticles: An Up-to-Date Overview (2018, background): “As mentioned before, AgNPs display their intrinsic enhanced antimicrobial activity through various mechanisms [66].”
- Nanoparticles as Novel Elicitors to Improve Bioactive Compounds in Plants (2021, background): “The nanoparticles have been shown to have unique characteristics linked to their physical and chemical properties based on their nanoscale that differs from the bulk material [30–32].”