Grain structure evolution in Inconel 718 during selective electron beam melting

By Harald Helmer, A. Bauereiss, R. Singer, Carolin Körner. 2016

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Characteristics of Inconel Powders for Powder-Bed Additive Manufacturing (2017, background): “For example, SLM currently uses powders with particle sizes ranging from 15 μm to 63 μm, while the PSD for electron beam melting (EBM) varies from 45 μm to 105 μm, due to technical challenges such as smoking and sparking effects [7,9].”
Grain Structure Control of Additively Manufactured Metallic Materials (2017, background): “Additionally, fine equiaxed grains near the melt pool surface are also frequently observed [9,10].”
Anisotropy and heterogeneity of microstructure and mechanical properties in metal additive manufacturing: A critical review (2018, background): “Other than crystallographic texture, scan strategy has also been attributed to be able to control the formation of either equiaxed or columnar grains, by altering the scan strategy across layers [71, 72].”
Three-dimensional grain growth during multi-layer printing of a nickel-based alloy Inconel 718 (2019, background): “However, many existing grain growth models are in 2D [13,14] that are unable to provide the spatial distribution of grain structure and solidification morphologies for the entire three-dimensional component.”