A Two-Temperature Model for Solid/Liquid Phase Change in Metal Foams

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A numerical investigation of heat transfer in phase change materials (PCMs) embedded in porous metals (2011, background): “The traditional one-equation model based on the assumption of local thermal equilibrium cannot therefore be transplanted mechanically to metal foams [26, 27].”
Macroencapsulation and characterization of phase change materials for latent heat thermal energy storage systems (2015, unknown): “Apart from being expensive, all these techniques suffer from certain drawbacks that include reduction in the latent heat of fusion [8], dampening of the natural convection process [19–21], and settling/floating of the additives in the liquid PCMs.”
Heat transfer enhancement for thermal energy storage using metal foams embedded within phase change materials (PCMs) (2010, methodology): “For solid/liquid phase change heat transfer in metal foams, Krishnan et al (2005) numerically investigated the solid/liquid phase change phenomena by using a two-temperature numerical model.”
Lattice Boltzmann methods for single-phase and solid-liquid phase-change heat transfer in porous media: A review (2018, background): “heat transfer in porous media under LTNE condition, the volume-averaged energy equations of the PCM (including liquid phase ( l ) and solid phase ( s )) and the solid matrix can be written as follows [80,81,214,251] ^ l l pl l s ps f l pl f f f v m f l a l 1f c f c T c T k T h T T L f ` u tt I U U U”