The Hidden Enterprise Culture: Entrepreneurship in the Underground Economy

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Beyond Necessity-Driven Versus Opportunity-Driven Entrepreneurship (2008, background): “Once one moves beyond the narrow definition of entrepreneurs as people starting up a new business venture (Harding et al, 2006), a heated debate ensues over whether a multiplicity of characteristics, traits and qualities should be used to define entrepreneurship (Baty, 1990; Blanchflower and Meyer, ”
You Say Illegal, I Say Legitimate: Entrepreneurship in the Informal Economy (2009, background): “, lack of requisite financial capital; discrimination) bar their entry into the formal economy (Pessar, 1995; Raijman, 2001), others, even those who are affluent, may opt to enter the informal economy (Williams, 2006).”
Entrepreneurship and the Informal Sector (2009, background): “…societies (Evans et al, 2006; Katungi et al, 2006; Lazaridis and Koumandraki, 2003; Llanes and Barbour, 2007; Renooy et al, 2004; Snyder, 2004; Williams, 2004, 2006), until now, few have evaluated this necessity-driven portrayal of informal entrepreneurs critically in relation to the majority…”