Polyphenolics in Grape Seeds—Biochemistry and Functionality

By John Shi, Jian-xing Yu, Joseph Pohorly, Y. Kakuda. Journal of Medicinal Food, 2003

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Effect of grape seed extract on growth performance, protein and polyphenol digestibilities, and antioxidant activity in chickens (2010, background): “Shi et al. (2003) reported that the antioxidant potential of grape seed is twenty and fifty fold greater than vitamins E and C, respectively arising from increased levels of polyphenols proanthocyanidins and oligomers of flavan-3-ol units, especially catechin and epicatechin present in GSE (Yilmaz…”
Effects of grape pomace supplementation to laying hen diet on performance, egg quality, egg lipid peroxidation and some biochemical parameters (2016, background): “…content of the grape pomace and seed include some flavonoids such as catechin, epicatechin, procyanidin and antocyanidin; some phenolic acids such as gallic and ellagic acid, and some stilbens such as resveratrol and piseid (Jayaprakasha et al. 2003; Shi et al. 2003; Yilmaz & Toledo 2006).”