Immunity, growth and begging behaviour of nestling Barn Swallows Hirundo rustica in relation to hatching order

By N. Saino, Michele Incagli, R. Martinelli, R. Ambrosini, A. Møller. 2001

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Immune response covaries with corticosterone plasma levels under experimentally stressful conditions in nestling barn swallows (Hirundo rustica) (2003, background): “However, offspring body mass and condition decrease with increasing size of the brood (e.g., Korpimäki and Hannu, 1996; Martin, 1987; Merilä and Wiggins, 1995; Saino et al., 1997, 2001; Sanz and Tinbergen, 1999).”
Early maternal effects and antibacterial immune factors in the eggs, nestlings and adults of the barn swallow (2002, background): “…eggs laid in a clutch tend to hatch first, and this slight hatching asynchrony results in a stable size and body mass hierarchy within the brood (Saino et al., 2001b) which might reflect a hierarchy in reproductive value, because of a positive relationship between body mass and survival…”