Determinants of the Negative Impact of Being Landlocked on Trade: An Empirical Investigation Through the Central Asian Case

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Estimation of the Gravity Equation in the Presence of Zero Flows (2006, background): “Examples in the literature that followed this approach are Linnemann (1966), Van Bergeijk and Oldersma (1990), Wang and Winters (1991) and Raballand (2003).”
The Competitiveness of Global Port-Cities: Synthesis Report (2013, background): “As a result, a landlocked country trades approximately 80% less than a nonlandlocked country (Raballand, 2003; Martinez-Zarzoso and Suarez-Burguet, 2005), and median landlocked countries have only 30% of the trade volume of the median coastal economy (Limao and Venables, 2001).”
Cultural and Institutional Determinants of Bilateral Trade Flows (2005, methodology): “Following Raballand (2003) and Rose (2004), among others, models 1 to 4 add the log of the product of the surface areas of the trading partners and four dummy variables indicating whether the partners are landlocked or island nations.”