Fibrinogen Stimulates Macrophage Chemokine Secretion Through Toll-Like Receptor 41

By S. Smiley, J. A. King, W. Hancock. Journal of Immunology, 2001

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Blood-brain barrier pathophysiology in traumatic brain injury (2011, background): “Acting through TLR4, fibrinogen can however stimulate the macrophage production of CXC and CC chemokines [18].”
Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns in Inflammatory Diseases (2018, background): “Soluble HSP60 was increased in patients with early carotid atherosclerosis (70), and HSP60 promoted atherosclerosis by inducing VSMC migration via TLR4 and ERK mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation (71).”
The inflammatory response to cell death. (2008, background): “For example, TLR4 recognizes lipopolysaccarides which are membrane components found in most gram negative bacteria.”
Immune activation in brain aging and neurodegeneration: too much or too little? (2009, background): “…by CNS trauma or disease (e.g., heat-shock proteins [HSPs], highmobility-group box protein 1 [HMGB1], fibrinogen, hypomethylated mammalian DNA, and RNA released from necrotic cells) (Kariko et al., 2004; Leadbetter et al., 2002; Ohashi et al., 2000; Smiley et al., 2001; Viglianti et al., 2003).”