TLR Signaling Tailors Innate Immune Responses in Human Microglia and Astrocytes1

By C. Jack, N. Arbour, Joshua S. Manusow, Vivianne Montgrain, M. Blain, E. Mccrea, Aaron M. Shapiro, J. Antel. Journal of Immunology, 2005

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Physiology of Astroglia. (2018, neutral): “In human astrocytes expression of a TLR1 5 and TLR9 has been reported (250, 779); of these TLR2 4 were identified also in vivo, especially in pathological conditions (250, 779, 1695).”
Innate immunity and neuroinflammation in the CNS: The role of microglia in Toll‐like receptor‐mediated neuronal injury (2009, background): “…signaling proteins are expressed in the CNS (Bowman et al., 2003; Bsibsi et al., 2002; Dalpke et al., 2002; Esen et al., 2004; Farina et al., 2005; Jack et al., 2005; Kielian et al., 2002; Laflamme and Rivest, 2001; Lehnardt et al., 2002, 2003; Nishimura and Naito, 2005; Olson and Miller, 2004).”
Microglia in neurodegenerative diseases: mechanism and potential therapeutic targets (2023, background): “109 The relatively low expression of TLRs in astrocytes suggests they may have limited ability to respond directly to various pathogens.”
Type I interferons and microbial metabolites of tryptophan modulate astrocyte activity and CNS inflammation via the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (2016, neutral): “Human fetal astrocytes were isolated as previously described 11,63 from human CNS tissue from fetuses at 17–23 weeks of gestation obtained from the Human Fetal Tissue Repository (Albert Einstein College of Medicine) following Canadian Institutes of Health Research– approved guidelines.”