Cycling degradation of an automotive LiFePO4 lithium-ion battery

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Impact of the electricity mix and use profile in the life-cycle assessment of electric vehicles (2013, background): “Internal resistance, typically in the range of milliohms, which increases both with cycling and age, is one parameter that contributes to the battery efficiency by causing a voltage drop under load and by reducing the maximum output current affecting the charge/discharge rate [46–48].”
Optimization of Sizing and Battery Cycle Life in Battery/Ultracapacitor Hybrid Energy Storage Systems for Electric Vehicle Applications (2014, background): “This power law factor represents a square root of time dependence, which indicates that the battery capacity loss due to SEI growth, is often controlled by a diffusion controlled process and governed by parabolic kinetics [21], [22].”
A Comprehensive Review on Second-Life Batteries: Current State, Manufacturing Considerations, Applications, Impacts, Barriers & Potential Solutions, Business Strategies, and Policies (2019, background): “Cycle aging is also affected significantly by operating temperature with the greatest increases in capacity fade being measured at low temperature [63].”