Are football referees really biased and inconsistent?: evidence on the incidence of disciplinary sanction in the English Premier League

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Referee Bias (2016, background): “%) of home (visiting) team penalties found to legitimate Dawson et al. (2007): English Premier League (1996–2003) Yellow/red cards More disciplinary actions toward underdogs than to favorites; more sanctions in balanced games and games at the end of the season; evidence for variation of home team…”
Modelling soccer matches using bivariate discrete distributions with general dependence structure (2007, methodology): “This approach has been utilized in soccer by Dawson et al. (2007) in modelling yellow and red cards in a match.”
The 12th man?: refereeing bias in English and German soccer (2010, methodology): “In the sample period that was employed by Dawson et al. (2007), there is evidence that it was not fully so (Forrest and Simmons, 2002) and a statistical model may indeed have been a more appropriate basis for deriving win probabilities.”
Home Advantage in Football: A Current Review of an Unsolved Puzzle (2008, background): “The bias was then demonstrated in a laboratory setting [27,28] and subsequently by returning to referee decisions after carefully controlling for confounding variables [10,29-32].”
Eliminating Supportive Crowds Reduces Referee Bias (2021, background): “Studying punishments for foul play, Dawson et al. (2007) found that home teams tended to accumulate fewer red and yellows cards than away teams, with this not relating to home advantage, but instead appearing to be driven by referee bias.”