How do local actions affect VMT? A critical review of the empirical evidence

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Beyond Technology: Demand-Side Solutions for Climate Change Mitigation (2016, background): “Parking prices can lower distance traveled by 2–12% (41), and congestion charging, as implemented in London, Stockholm, and Singapore, can reduce distance traveled within the charging zone by 10–20% (42, 43).”
Evolving Narratives of Low-Carbon Futures in Transportation (2016, background): “…average effects are unclear; employer-based trip reduction achieve car distance travel reduction of about 4–6% among participants, with region-wide effects of about 1%; voluntary travel behavior change programs achieve city-wide car distance travel reduction of up to 5–7% (Salon et al., 2012).”