High-Resolution Greenland Ice Core Data Show Abrupt Climate Change Happens in Few Years

By J. Steffensen, K. K. Andersen, M. Bigler, H. Clausen, D. Dahl-Jensen, H. Fischer, K. Goto‐Azuma, M. Hansson, S. Johnsen, J. Jouzel and 10 more. Science, 2008

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Gustiness: The driver of glacial dustiness? (2009, background): “…to source area aridity (Rea, 1994), wind strength (Werner et al., 2002), fine-grained sediment supply from glacial erosion (Reader et al., 1999; Sugden et al., 2009), exposure of continental shelves by sea level changes (De Angelis et al., 1997) and vegetation inhibition by low atmospheric CO2…”
Rethinking species' ability to cope with rapid climate change (2011, background): “Their results revealed that ‘polar atmospheric circulation can shift in 1–3 years, resulting in decadal- to centennial-scale changes from cold stadials to warm interstadials’ associated with Greenland temperature changes of 10 1C (Steffensen et al., 2008).”
Adaptation to an extraordinary environment by evolution of phenotypic plasticity and genetic assimilation (2009, background): “Paleoclimate data reveal that on rare occasions populations in situ experience sudden or very rapid major changes in average environment for ecologically important variables such as precipitation and temperature (Steffensen et al., 2008).”
The impact of global climate change on genetic diversity within populations and species (2013, background): “On the other hand, the current rate of GCC is so rapid—though not unprecedented in recent geologic history (Steffensen et al. 2008; Hof et al. 2011b; T oth et al. 2011)—that the resulting strong selection pressures”