Contrasting Effects of Wolves and Human Hunters on Elk Behavioral Responses to Predation Risk

By K. Proffitt, J. Grigg, K. Hamlin, Robert A. Garrott. 2009

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Migration of northern Yellowstone elk: implications of spatial structuring (2010, result): “…display a flexible strategy aimed at reducing hunting risk by varying either the timing of autumn migrations or timing of arrivals onto winter range, similar to findings of other studies near YNP and elsewhere (Burcham et al. 1999; Millspaugh et al. 2000; Proffitt et al. 2009; Vieira et al. 2003).”
Diel predator activity drives a dynamic landscape of fear (2017, unknown): “…of 243 females across four GYE elk populations (northern Yellowstone, Madison headwaters, Lower Madison, Clarks Fork) have shown that wolf presence does not exclude female elk from grasslands (Fortin et al. 2005, Mao et al. 2005, Proffitt et al. 2009, White et al. 2009a, Middle-ton et al. 2013a).”
Range fidelity: The missing link between caribou decline and habitat alteration? (2010, methodology): “by plotting observed against predicted values while removing random effects (Proffitt et al., 2009).”
Hunting for fear: innovating management of human–wildlife conflicts (2013, background): “days and times within the week, often during weekends at dusk and dawn (Proffitt et al. 2009).”
Do wild ungulates experience higher stress with humans than with large carnivores? (2018, background): “2007) and human hunters (Proffitt et al. 2009) may interact and are often associated with contrasting habitat characteristics (Cromsigt et al.”