Life cycle environmental assessment of lithium-ion and nickel metal hydride batteries for plug-in hybrid and battery electric vehicles.

By G. Majeau‐Bettez, Troy R. Hawkins, A. Strømman. Environmental Science and Technology, 2011

646 citations recorded by the source corpus.

This study presents the life cycle assessment (LCA) of three batteries for plug-in hybrid and full performance battery electric vehicles. A transparent life cycle inventory (LCI) was compiled in a component-wise manner for nickel metal hydride (NiMH), nickel cobalt manganese lithium-ion (NCM), and iron phosphate lithium-ion (LFP) batteries. The battery systems were investigated with a functional unit based on energy storage, and environmental impacts were analyzed using midpoint indicators. On a per-storage basis, the NiMH technology was found to have the highest environmental impact, followed by NCM and then LFP, for all categories considered except ozone depletion potential. We found higher life cycle global warming emissions than have been previously reported. Detailed contribution and structural path analyses allowed for the identification of the different processes and value-chains most directly responsible for these emissions. This article contributes a public and detailed inventory, which can be easily be adapted to any powertrain, along with readily usable environmental performance assessments.

Subfields: Automotive Engineering, Electrical and Electronic Engineering

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/776ad5f2d54b8545795b0039512dd4429f37fc75

How researchers see this paper

The researchers whose trusted networks rank it highest, strongest advocate first. Every researcher gets a different order.

In Automotive Engineering

1. Jens Peters
2. A. Cruz
3. Marcel Weil
4. Yong Geng
5. Fausto Freire
6. J. Van Mierlo
7. Michael Q. Wang
8. Han Hao

In Electrical and Electronic Engineering

1. Jens Peters
2. A. Cruz
3. Marcel Weil
4. J. Van Mierlo
5. Michael Q. Wang
6. L. Gaines
7. Han Hao
8. York R. Smith

Citations in the corpus

• Material and energy flows in the materials production, assembly, and end-of-life stages of the automotive lithium-ion battery life cycle (2014, background): “In the literature, assessments of BMS contribution to overall battery life-cycle impacts typically approximate BMS mass as a percentage of battery mass (Majeau-Bettez et al. 2011; Nelson et al. 2011).”
• GHG Emissions from the Production of Lithium-Ion Batteries for Electric Vehicles in China (2017, methodology): “…Emission (kgCO2-eq/kWh Battery) Material/Part Production Battery Cell Production and Assembly Total Notter et al. (2010) [3] LMO 300 34.2 51 2 53 Majeau-Bettez et al. (2011) [5] NMC - - 143 53 196 Majeau-Bettez et al. (2011) [5] LFP - - 177 69 246 EPA (2013) [9] LMO - - 61.5 1.9 63.4 EPA (2013)…”
• Exploring the Economic Potential of Sodium-Ion Batteries (2019, methodology): “The NMC cell was dimensioned correspondingly based on literature data [48,49].”
• The size and range effect: lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions of electric vehicles (2016, background): “…and Li-ion batteries, the assessments are limited to small to medium sized EVs and batteries (Bauer 2010, Notter et al 2010, Zackrisson et al 2010, Majeau-Bettez et al 2011, Dunn et al 2012, Faria et al 2012, Hawkins et al 2012, Ellingsen et al 2014, United States Environmental Protection Agency…”
• Supply risks associated with lithium-ion battery materials (2018, methodology): “We have used the data from Peters and Weil (Peters and Weil, 2016) based on various life cycle inventories (Bauer, 2010; Ellingsen et al., 2014; Majeau-Bettez et al., 2011; Notter et al., 2010; Zackrisson et al., 2010), complemented by data from Lu et al. (Lu et al., 2016) for LCO-C.”