Nanoparticle encapsulation improves oral bioavailability of curcumin by at least 9-fold when compared to curcumin administered with piperine as absorption enhancer.

By J. Shaikh, D. Ankola, V. Beniwal, Dinesh. K. Singh, M. R. Kumar. European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2009

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Applications of nanoparticle systems in drug delivery technology (2017, background): “A 9-fold higher oral bioavailability of curcumin was observed when compared to curcumin co-administered with piperine (absorption enhancer) (Shaikh et al., 2009.).”
Formation of zein nanoparticles by electrohydrodynamic atomization: Effect of the main processing variables and suitability for encapsulating the food coloring and active ingredient curcumin (2012, background): “, 2009), solvent emulsioneevaporation (Mukerjee & Vishwanatha, 2009; Prajakta et al., 2009; Shaikh et al., 2009), antisolvent precipitationmethod (Patel, Hu, Tiwari, & Velikov, 2010) or ionotropic pregelation followed by polycationic cross-linking (Das, Kasoju, & Bora, 2010) using coatingmaterials s”
Curcumin: An Anti-Inflammatory Molecule from a Curry Spice on the Path to Cancer Treatment (2011, background): “The in vivo pharmacokinetics revealed that nanoparticles-incorportaed curcumin achieved a 9-fold increase in oral bioavailability as compared to curcumin administered with piperine as absorption enhancer [137].”
A Review of Curcumin and Its Derivatives as Anticancer Agents (2019, background): “However, curcumin/piperine coadministration enhanced curcumin activity by inhibiting hepatic and intestinal deactivation [56].”