The impact of CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genetic polymorphism and patient characteristics upon warfarin dose requirements: proposal for a new dosing regimen.

By E. Sconce, T. Khan, H. Wynne, P. Avery, Louise Monkhouse, B. King, P. Wood, P. Kesteven, A. Daly, F. Kamali. 2005

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Privacy in Pharmacogenetics: An End-to-End Case Study of Personalized Warfarin Dosing (2014, neutral): “Much of personalized medicine is based on pharmacogenetic (sometimes called pharmacogenomic) models [3] [14] [21] [40] that are constructed using supervised machine learning over large patient databases containing clinical and genomic data.”
A Regulatory Science Perspective on Warfarin Therapy: A Pharmacogenetic Opportunity (2009, background): “Genetic polymorphisms of VKORC1 have been identified at the –1639 position, G/G being the homozygous wild-type and A/A and G/A the homozygous and heterozygous variants.(27) This mutation is in linkage disequilibrium with other mutations, and the haplotypes are now well defined.”
Pharmacology and management of the vitamin K antagonists: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition). (2008, methodology): “Sconce et al 49 found that a combination of CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genotypes plus height produced the best predictive model for estimating warfarin dose, whereas Vecsler et al 200 reported that CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genotypes together with age and body weight could explain as much as 63% of the dose…”
Randomized Trial of Genotype-Guided Versus Standard Warfarin Dosing in Patients Initiating Oral Anticoagulation (2007, neutral): “Time to first supratherapeutic INR, multiple variant patients, d, mean (median) 39.4 ( 21 ) 23.8 (16) HR0.72 (0.38–1.4) 0.30”