Fetal programming and adult health

By Keith M. Godfrey, D. Barker. Public Health Nutrition, 2001

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Frailty: an emerging research and clinical paradigm--issues and controversies. (2006, background): “Thus, it is conceivable that a stimulus at a critical or sensitive period in early life may be associated with the risk of developing disability and/or frailty in old age (52,53).”
Epigenetic gene promoter methylation at birth is associated with child’s later adiposity (2011, background): “Many epidemiological studies have shown associations between fetal development, through the proxy measure of birth size, and later adiposity and metabolic function (3,4), but the developmental contribution to such phenotypic characteristics has remained uncertain and controversial.”
Dietary protein restriction of pregnant rats induces and folic acid supplementation prevents epigenetic modification of hepatic gene expression in the offspring. (2005, positive): “In humans, poor growth during early life has been associated with increased risk of chronic noncommunicable diseases in later life, in particular diseases characteristic of the metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease (1).”
Placental-specific IGF-II is a major modulator of placental and fetal growth (2002, background): “Genetic manipulation of functional properties of the placenta may also provide valuable models of ‘fetal programming’ of diabetes and heart disease later on in lif”