Immune-related adverse events of checkpoint inhibitors

By M. Ramos-Casals, J. Brahmer, M. Callahan, A. Flores-Chávez, N. Keegan, M. Khamashta, O. Lambotte, X. Mariette, Aleix Prat, M. Suarez‐Almazor. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 2020

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Cancer immunotherapies have changed the landscape of cancer treatment during the past few decades. Among them, immune checkpoint inhibitors, which target PD-1, PD-L1 and CTLA-4, are increasingly used for certain cancers; however, this increased use has resulted in increased reports of immune-related adverse events (irAEs). These irAEs are unique and are different to those of traditional cancer therapies, and typically have a delayed onset and prolonged duration. IrAEs can involve any organ or system. These effects are frequently low grade and are treatable and reversible; however, some adverse effects can be severe and lead to permanent disorders. Management is primarily based on corticosteroids and other immunomodulatory agents, which should be prescribed carefully to reduce the potential of short-term and long-term complications. Thoughtful management of irAEs is important in optimizing quality of life and long-term outcomes. Checkpoint inhibitors are increasingly being used in clinical practice; however, these therapies can be associated with adverse events that can affect almost any organ system. This Primer by Ramos-Casals and colleagues summarizes the epidemiology, mechanisms, diagnosis and treatment of these adverse events.

Subfields: Molecular Biology, Oncology

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/75424c58a7694be66e8692da11bc1f3815ce51db

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Citations in the corpus

• Regulatory mechanisms of PD-1/PD-L1 in cancers (2024, background): “PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy is often accompanied by life-threatening immune-related adverse events (irAEs), irAEs induced by immunotherapy are usually insidious in onset, lack specificity, and have a broad toxic spectrum [454].”
• CAR-NK cells: A promising cellular immunotherapy for cancer (2020, background): “[106] Recent reports have shown that local secretion of anti-PD1 antibodies [107] or scFv [108] at the tumour site by engineered CAR-T cells achieved superior anti-tumour activity and reduced adverse effect compared with systemic therapy.”
• Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Cancer Therapy (2022, background): “To reinvigorate the immune system to fight tumour cells, the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction could be considered a potential target for some monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), resulting in the inhibition of this interaction [103].”