Do Prisons Make Us Safer?: The Benefits and Costs of the Prison Boom

By S. Raphael, M. Stoll. 2009

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Deterrence in the Twenty-First Century (2013, background): “Parole powers have been greatly curtailed; sentence lengths increased, both in general and for particular crimes (e.g., drug dealing); and judicial discretion to impose nonincarcerative sanc- tions has been reduced (Tonry 1996; Blumstein and Beck 1999, 2005; Raphael and Stoll 2009).”
The Pains of Imprisonment Revisited: The Impact of Strain on Inmate Recidivism (2013, background): “Through their research and policy analyses, criminologists have participated in the effort to challenge the view that mass incarceration, including lengthy prison terms, makes society safer from crime (see, e.g. Currie, 1998; Kleiman, 2009; Raphael & Stoll, 2009).”
The Deterrence Effect of Prison: Dynamic Theory and Evidence (2009, background): “…rates of recent years, prison and jail populations continue to climb, as the full impact of sentencing reforms from previous years becomes felt (Raphael and Stoll 2009).42 For economists, it is natural to wonder if more severe prison sentences deter crime by a sufficient amount to make paying…”
Prisons Do Not Reduce Recidivism (2011, background): “Estimates of how many offenses are saved vary by individual studies and depend on factors such as the inmates’ risk level (high or low) and stage in their criminal career (near the beginning or near the end) (Bushway & Paternoster, 2009; Kleiman, 2009).”