Hard and Soft Networks for Urban Competitiveness

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Cooperation in the Innovation Process in Developing Countries: Empirical Evidence from Zhongguancun, Beijing (2006, background): “The theoretical arguments suggest that international cooperation requires higher absorptive capacity than domestic cooperation, and Malecki (2002) suggests that additional international cooperation is more beneficial with respect to technology transfer than only domestic cooperation.”
Growth, development, and innovation: A look backward and forward (2003, background): “can be seen to involve both “hard” infrastructural networks and “soft” networks of human interaction of various kinds (Komninos 2002; Malecki 2002 ).”
Digital development in rural areas: potentials and pitfalls $ (2003, methodology): “…served by digital switches, 2000 State Arizona Colorado Georgia Iowa Idaho Minnesota Montana North Dakota New Mexico Nevada South Dakota Utah Vermont Wyoming Source: Based on data in the Local Exchange Routing Guide, April 1, 2000. markets, and especially the largest urban areas (Malecki, 2002b).”
New local state power through administrative restructuring – A case study of post-Mao China county-level urban entrepreneurialism in Kunshan (2013, background): “It is generally agreed that the public sector must develop entrepreneurial strategies in the face of competitive pressures, as must the private sector (Finger and Brand, 1999; Malecki, 2002).”