Crystal Structure of Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3β: Structural Basis for Phosphate-Primed Substrate Specificity and Autoinhibition

By R. Dajani, Elizabeth Fraser, S. Roe, Neville Young, V. Good, T. Dale, L. Pearl. 2001

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The Ras-ERK and PI3K-mTOR Pathways: Cross-talk and Compensation (2011, background): “AGC kinases phosphorylate GSK3 α/β on Ser21/Ser9, which creates pseudo-substrate sites that induce intra-molecular inhibition (Figure 3, [8, 41, 59]).”
The protein kinase Akt induces epithelial mesenchymal transition and promotes enhanced motility and invasiveness of squamous cell carcinoma lines. (2003, background): “The apparent discrepancy can be resolved by recent crystallographic and biochemical studies elucidating the mechanisms of GSK3 regulation (52, 53): Wnt and insulin/AKT signaling pathways affect two distinct pools of GSK3 that in turn target different substrates, thereby giving selective responses an”
Axin-mediated CKI phosphorylation of beta-catenin at Ser 45: a molecular switch for the Wnt pathway. (2002, background): “This indicates, that contrary to prevailing models (Ali et al. 2001; Cohen and Frame 2001; Dajani et al. 2001; Frame et al. 2001; Harwood, 2001), association with axin does not substitute for the +4p priming of GSK3.”
Phosphorylation: Implications in Cancer (2017, background): “Protein phosphorylation may occur at multiple sites [11] or at a single site of a protein which is a priming location for subsequent phosphorylation events [12].”