Immunology in the liver — from homeostasis to disease

By F. Heymann, F. Tacke. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology &Hepatology, 2016

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Hepatic inflammatory responses in liver fibrosis (2023, neutral): “Importantly, NKT cells are much more abundant in mouse livers than in human livers, whereas MAIT cells are more frequent in human livers 70,143 .”
Lipotoxicity and the gut-liver axis in NASH pathogenesis. (2018, background): “Specifically, TLRs are multiprotein complexes that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) such as bacterial peptidoglycans or lipopolysaccharide (LPS), double-stranded DNA and RNA (dsDNA, dsRNA) [91], and danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), as a product of cell stress/dea”
Liver inflammation and fibrosis. (2017, background): “DCs are divided into classical type 1 DCs (cDC1), cDC2, and plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs), and their markers have been identified in both mice and humans (71, 72).”
Hepatic stellate cells as key target in liver fibrosis (2017, background): “Bacterial DNA activates TLR9 on resident and recruited macrophages to release IL1β, which activates HSCs and enhances lipid accumulation, insulin resistance, and injury in hepatocytes, and collectively promotes fibrogenesis and hepatic inflammation [181].”