Immunology of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

By P. Barnes. Nature reviews. Immunology, 2008

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The cytokine network in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. (2008, methodology): “Although COPD is viewed as a disease of type 1 immunity (1), Th2 cytokines may also be increased in COPD patients; for example, increased IL-4 expression is seen in CD8+ T (Tc2) cells from bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid (8).”
The development of allergic inflammation (2008, background): “However, a diverse range of genetic and environmental factors can influence the extent to which the pathology in individual allergic subjects depends on allergen, allergen-specific IgE, FceRI, mast cells and basophils, as opposed to allergen-derived peptides and effector T cells (either T H 2 cells ”
House dust mite allergen induces asthma via TLR4 triggering of airway structural cells (2009, background): “1946" language="eng" relation="no"> Aberrant innate and adaptive immune responses to allergens and environmental pollutants lead to respiratory disease, including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseas”
Corticosteroid resistance in patients with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. (2013, background): “eosinophils in the airways and more bronchodilator reversibility,(32,33) suggesting that these patients with COPD also have concomitant asthma.(34)”