Secure High-Rate Transaction Processing in Bitcoin

By Yonatan Sompolinsky, Aviv Zohar. Financial Cryptography, 2015

801 citations recorded by the source corpus.

Subfields: Computer Networks and Communications, Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Information Systems

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/728b60c04afb5b87853b59265e49f430dbf631db

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Citations in the corpus

SoK: Consensus in the Age of Blockchains (2017, methodology): “Unlike Bitcoin’s linear blockchain, GHOST organizes blocks in a tree structure.”
Bitcoin (2015, background): “30 Additional ideas, such as replacing the block chain with a directed acyclic graph structure 19 to include transactions from off-chain blocks, block compression, and off-chain transac-f The block chain’s size today is approximately 40GB, and it currently includes all of the trans-actions since…”
Hijacking Bitcoin: Routing Attacks on Cryptocurrencies (2016, background): “In this case, the rate of discarded blocks (known as the orphan rate or the fork rate) increases and the security of the protocol deteriorates [20], [26], [49].”
On Scaling Decentralized Blockchains - (A Position Paper) (2016, methodology): “The GHOST protocol [45] of Sompolinsky et al.”
Bitcoin as a Complement to Emerging Market Currencies (2016, background): “There are thousands of websites that accept Bitcoin: in December of 2015, there were approximately 200,000 daily Bitcoin transactions per day (Tiller 2015), but this volume is tiny compared to other currencies. However, there are still many smaller recognized currencies that have far less daily volu”
Tendermint: Byzantine Fault Tolerance in the Age of Blockchains (2016, background): “Heaviest Observed Sub Tree (GHOST) [91], but is planning to move to a more secure economic consensus algorithm modeled around Proof of Stake.”
A Survey on Security and Privacy Issues of Bitcoin (2017, background): “It is because the consensus algorithm rises: (i) open questions about the Bitcoin stability [10]; (ii) concerns about the performance and scalability of the protocol [47]; and (iii) concerns for computational resource wastage [48].”
Optimal Selfish Mining Strategies in Bitcoin (2015, background): “Delays are especially noticeable when the system’s throughput is increased by allowing larger blocks to form or by increasing block creation rates (see [17]).”
A Survey on Blockchain Technology: Evolution, Architecture and Security (2021, methodology): “Lightning Network [60] is a proposed solution to this problem that uses Hashed Time-lock Contracts (HTLCs) with bi-directional payment channels allowing secure payments routing across multiple P2P payment channels.”
A Survey of Distributed Consensus Protocols for Blockchain Networks (2019, methodology): “The simulation result in [84] shows that given the same block interval, applying GHOST rule leads to a slightly lower”
Towards Scaling Blockchain Systems via Sharding (2018, background): “ meaning that once reached, consensus decision will not be changed. 2.1.2 Proof of Work protocol PoW protocols assume a permissionless setting in which any node can join and leave the network at will [50, 56]. At a high level, the protocol randomly selects a leader who can propose the next block tha”
Algorand: Scaling Byzantine Agreements for Cryptocurrencies (2017, background): “GHOST [48], SPECTRE [49], and Meshcash [5] are recent proposals for increasing Bitcoin’s throughput by replacing the underlying chainstructured ledger with a tree or directed acyclic graph (DAG) structures, and resolving conflicts in the forks of these data structures.”
Blockchain Meets IoT: An Architecture for Scalable Access Management in IoT (2018, methodology): “Since a lower block creation time leads to a higher rate of stale blocks, the system uses GHOST protocol [11] to consider the heaviest computational chain as the main blockchain.”
A Survey on Ethereum Systems Security (2019, methodology): “Ethereum uses a variant of the GHOST consensus protocol [170] to select the “heaviest” branch as the main chain where the “heaviest” branch is the sub-tree rooted at the fork in question and has the highest cumulative block difficulty [179], while noting that stale blocks are not on the main chain.”
Decentralization in Bitcoin and Ethereum Networks (2018, methodology): “To sequence transactions, Ethereum adopts a design inspired by Nakamoto consensus and the GHOST protocol [64].”
FruitChains: A Fair Blockchain (2017, background): “GHOST [SZ15] is a mechanism such that forking blocks not on the main chain will aﬀect the chain selection rule— however, as the subsequent work by Kiayias and Panagiotakos [KP16] shows, GHOST actually worsens “chain quality” (i.e., the fraction of honest blocks in the chain) whereas our goal is to i”
Inclusive Block Chain Protocols (2015, methodology): “Since both in longest-chain and GHOST blocks that are buried deep in the main chain become increasingly less likely to be replaced, the same security guarantees hold for transactions included in their Inclusive versions.”
Solutions to Scalability of Blockchain: A Survey (2020, methodology): “Therefore, some other studies [15], [39], [59] were dedicated to improving the original PoW mechanism.”