Geologic history of Mars

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Sequence and timing of conditions on early Mars (2011, background): “Spacecraft data indicate that the early environment of Mars differs from recent conditions in a multitude of important ways (see, e.g., Solomon et al., 2005; Carr and Head, 2010).”
A chronology of early Mars climatic evolution from impact crater degradation (2012, background): “[44] Our chronology shows that type II craters formed from the Early Hesperian to earliest Amazonian epochs that are known to have been significantly colder than the Noachian period [e.g., Carr and Head, 2010].”
The Climate of Early Mars (2016, background): “Although substantial resurfacing and formation of the Tharsis Montes shield volcanoes was ongoing during the Hesperian and Amazonian, the formation of Tharsis likely began early and was mainly complete by the late Noachian (Phillips et al. 2001; Carr & Head 2010; Fassett & Head 2011).”
The Sample Analysis at Mars Investigation and Instrument Suite (2012, background): “Although this hypothesis has been critically examined using climate models (Tian et al. 2010) significant surface water was evidently created, possibly by episodic flooding, subsurface hydrothermal systems, large impacts, and/or atmospheric transport (Carr and Head 2010).”