The prevalence and disability of bipolar spectrum disorders in the US population: re-analysis of the ECA database taking into account subthreshold cases.

By L. Judd, H. Akiskal. Journal of Affective Disorders, 2003

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Hypersexual Disorder: A Proposed Diagnosis for DSM-V (2010, background): “…data from community samples reporting that the mean duration of hypomanic episodes may be significantly less than 4 or more days (Benazzi, 2001; Judd & Akiskal, 2003), the current DSM-based duration criteria for Bipolar II further complicates establishing a clear boundary between an illness…”
The HCL-32: towards a self-assessment tool for hypomanic symptoms in outpatients. (2005, background): “This notion is compatible with recent work in the field suggesting several reasons for the under-diagnosis and under-treatment of BP (Akiskal et al., 2000; Angst, 1998; Angst et al., 2003b; Benazzi, 2004; Ghaemi et al., 2002; Hirschfeld et al., 2003c; Judd and Akiskal, 2003; Lish et al., 1994; Szado”
Prevalence and effects of mood disorders on work performance in a nationally representative sample of U.S. workers. (2006, background): “Future research should investigate the effects of these subthreshold disorders on work performance (5,39).”
Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with bipolar disorder. (2007, background): “However, some studies of adults suggest rates as high as $ 6% when including subthres-hold or B spectrum ^ cases (Judd and Akiskal, 2003).”