Visible Spectrum Optical Communication and Distance Sensing for Underwater Applications

By Felix Schill, U. Zimmer, Jochen Trumpf. 2004

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Underwater optical communications systems. Part 2: basic design considerations (2005, methodology): “To calculate this noise term we first calculate the upwelling solar radiance [watts/(m2-sr)] by ERLfac exp(-KD) (5)”
Data collection, storage, and retrieval with an underwater sensor network (2005, background): “In [ 23 ] an optical sytem for communications and ranging is described.”
A survey of practical issues in underwater networks (2006, background): “Radio waves are extremely strongly attenuated in salt water [9].”
An in-Depth Survey of Visible Light Communication Based Positioning Systems (2016, background): “It can also be used in other RF-inappropriate environments such as underwater [4,5] and in underground mines [6].”
A Survey of Underwater Optical Wireless Communications (2017, background): “(PMT) have also been implemented in several UOWC experiments [75], [122], [123], [148], [153]–[155].”
LED Based Indoor Visible Light Communications: State of the Art (2015, methodology): “A system using visible LEDs for underwater transmission can be found in [260].”