Identifying Reservoirs of Infection: A Conceptual and Practical Challenge
By Daniel T. Haydon, S. Cleaveland, L. H. Taylor, M. Laurenson. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 2002
842 citations recorded by the source corpus.
Many infectious agents, especially those that cause emerging diseases, infect more than one host species. Managing reservoirs of multihost pathogens often plays a crucial role in effective disease control. However, reservoirs remain variously and loosely defined. We propose that reservoirs can only be understood with reference to defined target populations. Therefore, we define a reservoir as one or more epidemiologically connected populations or environments in which the pathogen can be permanently maintained and from which infection is transmitted to the defined target population. Existence of a reservoir is confirmed when infection within the target population cannot be sustained after all transmission between target and nontarget populations has been eliminated. When disease can be controlled solely by interventions within target populations, little knowledge of potentially complex reservoir infection dynamics is necessary for effective control. We discuss the practical value of different approaches that may be used to identify reservoirs in the field.
Subfields: Agronomy and Crop Science, Infectious Diseases, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/6ff225c4b4cb3f12a49981847ccef22eb2aad3fa
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Citations in the corpus
- Ecology of zoonoses: natural and unnatural histories (2012, background): “25 For example, the zoonotic paramyxovirus Nipah virus has fruit bat reservoir hosts in Malaysia.”
- Hosts and Sources of Endemic Human Coronaviruses (2018, background): “And third, they should be naturally infected beyond the geographic range of present social groups (Drexler et al., 2012; Greger, 2007; Haydon et al., 2002).”
- Wildlife Trade and Global Disease Emergence (2005, background): “Seventy seven percent of pathogens found in livestock are shared with other host species (27).”
- Ranavirus Ecology and Evolution: From Epidemiology to Extinction (2015, background): “Alternatively, individuals of certain species or life history stages that are carriers (i.e., remain infected and infectious for long periods without clearing or succumbing to the infection) may act as reservoirs for more susceptible species or stages (Haydon et al. 2002 ).”
- Rodent reservoirs of future zoonotic diseases (2015, background): “In contrast to other ecological definitions of reservoir (37), we apply the term more generally to encompass wild species capable of carrying infections transmissible to humans.”
- Ecology of Chytridiomycosis in Rainforest Stream Frog Assemblages of Tropical Queensland (2005, background): “The effects of disease reservoirs on communities and ecosystems are well documented (Richards et al. 1999; Cleaveland et al. 2001; Gog et al. 2002; Haydon et al. 2002).”
- Non-native aquatic animals introductions have driven disease emergence in Europe (2011, background): “…of understanding of the dynamics of infectious disease in multihost populations (Cleaveland et al. 2001), especially when some species act as reservoir populations where the pathogen can be permanently maintained and difficult to detect (e.g. S. destruens in top mouth gudeon) (Haydon et al. 2002).”
- Identifying disease reservoirs in complex systems: mountain hares as reservoirs of ticks and louping-ill virus, pathogens of red grouse (2003, background): “Isolation of a target population from any external pathogen transmission, in this case isolating red grouse and/or sheep from mountain hares, by removing hares, provides the ultimate proof of the existence of a reservoir (Haydon et al. 2002).”