Role of microstructure in the aging-related deterioration of the toughness of human cortical bone

By R. Nalla, J. Kruzic, J. Kinney, M. Balooch, J. Ager, R. Ritchie. 2006

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Quantitative X-ray tomography (2014, background): “The increased osteonal density in older bone leads to smaller and less frequent crack bridges and correlates with the marked reduction in the slope of the R curves with age.(319,337) This toughening mechanism is less effective than the crack deflection that arises when a crack grows transverse to th”
Biological materials: Functional adaptations and bioinspired designs (2012, background): “Nalla and co-workers [235] evaluated the contributions of the mechanisms to the fracture toughness of human cortical bone.”
On the Mechanistic Origins of Toughness in Bone (2010, background): “The reasons for this are complex and not totally clear (79, 86).”