Muscle and Tendon Contributions to Force, Work, and Elastic Energy Savings: A Comparative Perspective

By A. Biewener, T. Roberts. Exercise and sport sciences reviews, 2000

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Muscle mechanical advantage of human walking and running: implications for energy cost. (2004, background): “This means that muscles with longer fascicles activate a greater volume of tissue per active cross-sectional area and are, therefore, assumed to consume more energy to generate a given force under similar contractile conditions (4, 32).”
Mechanical work for step-to-step transitions is a major determinant of the metabolic cost of human walking. (2002, methodology): “-to-step transition costs to quantify elastic energy storage, which is best measured in vivo (Prilutsky et al., 1996; Biewener and Roberts, 2000).”
Biomechanically Inspired Shape Memory Effect Machines Driven by Muscle like Acting NiTi Alloys (2016, unknown): “As described by Biewener and Roberts (2000), muscles are normally coupled in opposition so that movements of joints are driven by a mechanism in which one group of muscles contracts while another group relaxes or lengthens.”