Research and Development Activity and Expected Returns in the United Kingdom

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Clarifying the Effects of R&D on Performance: Evidence from the High Technology Industries (2011, methodology): “Therefore we have applied the methodology first used by Al-Horani et al. (2003). By estimating the Pearson coefficients that we obtain, it is assumed that yearly R&D expense is a good proxy for R&D activity and, therefore, we do not use calculated R&D capital.”
Organization Capital and Sticky Behaviour of Selling, General and Administrative Expenses (2015, background): “) regarding a firm’s operating and subsequent arket performance (Al-Horani et al., 2003; Eberhart et al., 004; Hansson, 2004; Lev et al., 2009; Lev and Sougiannis, 996; Pantzalis and Park, 2009; Sougiannis, 1994).”