Fifty years of change in northern upland forest understories: Identity and traits of “winner” and “loser” plant species

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Population growth rate of a common understory herb decreases non-linearly across a gradient of deer herbivory (2009, background): “High local deer densities have been shown to reduce overall plant biomass, shift community composition frommore to less palatable plant species, and dramatically reduce overall plant biodiversity (Russell et al., 2001; Rooney and Waller, 2003; Côté et al., 2004; Wiegmann and Waller, 2006; Royo and C”
High white-tailed deer densities benefit graminoids and contribute to biotic homogenization of forest ground-layer vegetation (2009, background): “Cover by ferns was nearly twenty times greater in exclosure plots, contrary to my prediction and the observation that the relative abundance of ferns as a group has increased in abundance in the region over the past fifty years (Wiegmann and Waller 2006).”
Homogenization of forest plant communities and weakening of species–environment relationships via agricultural land use (2007, background): “For example, intense deer herbivory in Wisconsin forests is suspected as the cause of the increased abundance of already common native species and the decline of other, usually rarer, native species ( Wiegmann & Waller 2006 ).”