A statistical study on the geoeffectiveness of Earth‐directed coronal mass ejections from March 1997 to December 2000

By Yuming Wang, P. Ye, S. Wang, Guiping Zhou, J. Wang. 2002

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Cone model for halo CMEs: Application to space weather forecasting (2004, background): “Halo CMEs, first reported by Howard et al. [1982], have been interpreted as shell-like coronal mass ejections of dense coronal plasma heading directlytoward(front-sidehalo)orawayfrom(backsidehalo) theEarth.Itisnowwellestablishedthatfront-sidehaloCMEs are the major cause for large geomagnetic storms ”
Geoeffective Properties of Solar Transients and Stream Interaction Regions (2017, methodology): “This implies that the eastern flank of the ICME would be more geoeffective, and as suggested by the authors, could explain the known greater geoeffectiveness of CMEs originating from the western hemisphere (e.g., Wang et al. 2002).”
Solar and interplanetary sources of major geomagnetic storms during 1996–2002 (2004, methodology): “[Gonzalez et al., 1996; Srivastava et al., 1997, 1998; Srivastava and Venkatakrishnan, 2002; Wang et al., 2002; Zhang et al., 2003].”
A survey of interplanetary coronal mass ejections in the near-Earth solar wind during 1996-2002 (2003, background): “Various studies have linked apparently Earthward-directed CMEs with in situ observations of ICMEs at 1 AU, focusing, for example, on their geomagnetic effects or transit times [e.g., Webb et al., 2000; Cane et al., 1998a, 2000; Gopalswamy et al., 2000, 2001; Wang et al., 2002].”