Cone model for halo CMEs: Application to space weather forecasting

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How Many CMEs Have Flux Ropes? Deciphering the Signatures of Shocks, Flux Ropes, and Prominences in Coronagraph Observations of CMEs (2012, background): “…the outer envelope of the halo with the FR and proceed to fit it with a circular SOLA: ms_sub.tex; 2 May 2014; 8:33; p. 9 or elliptical cone models to extract kinematic parameters (Howard et al., 1982; Zhao, Plunkett, and Liu, 2002; Xie, Ofman, and Lawrence, 2004; Xue, Wang, and Dou, 2005).”
Properties of Ground Level Enhancement Events and the Associated Solar Eruptions During Solar Cycle 23 (2012, methodology): “For the disk CMEs, we need to apply a projection correction using a cone model (see, e.g., Xie et al. 2004) to get the space speed.”
A major solar eruptive event in July 2012: Defining extreme space weather scenarios (2013, methodology): “Hence, the model run used here included the “cone” extension [Xie et al., 2004] to give both the ambient solar wind conditions as well as the modeled CME propagation through the inner heliosphere.”
Ensemble Modeling of CMEs Using the WSA–ENLIL+Cone Model (2015, methodology): “…to estimate the 3D CME kinematic and geometric parameters is to assume that the geometrical CME properties are approximated by the Cone model (Zhao, Plunkett, and Liu, 2002; Xie, Ofman, and Lawrence, 2004) which assumes isotropic expansion, radial propagation, and constant CME cone angular width.”