Anabolism: Low mechanical signals strengthen long bones

By C. Rubin, A. Simon, Turner, S. Bain, C. Mallinckrodt, K. McLeod. Nature, 2001

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Prevention of Postmenopausal Bone Loss by a Low‐Magnitude, High‐Frequency Mechanical Stimuli: A Clinical Trial Assessing Compliance, Efficacy, and Safety (2003, background): “(16) In longer-term animal studies, 1 year of daily, 20-minute sessions of low-level (0.3g, where g earth’s gravitational field, or 9.8 m/s2), high-frequency (30 Hz) mechanical stimulation to the hind limbs of adult female sheep stimulated a 43% increase in bone density in the proximal femur, measur”
Advances in the application of information technology to sport performance (2002, background): “Astronaut physical training might also change as a consequence of such stimulation, since vibrations applied to skeletal bone present an increasingly positive eþ ect in the reversal of osteoporosis (Rubin et al., 2001), a problem encountered on prolonged space missions.”
The aging of Wolff's "law": ontogeny and responses to mechanical loading in cortical bone. (2004, background): “In an extreme case, Rubin et al. (2001, 2002) found that rapid oscillations (hence high strain rates) of tiny strain magnitudes were able to produce bone modeling in turkeys and sheep (albeit only in cancellous bone).”
Nature’s hierarchical materials (2007, background): “The bone loss is also inhibited by very low, sub-physiological mechanical stimuli of high frequency (30 Hz) [289].”