Ionic polymer–metal composites: II. Manufacturing techniques

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A Review of Ionic Polymeric Soft Actuators and Sensors (2014, positive): “An optimization method based on Taguchi de-sign of experiment technique has been used to obtain the maximum output force of the IPMC actuator 103 using this method.”
A dynamic model for ionic polymer–metal composite sensors (2007, background): “The surface electrode of an IPMC typically consists of aggregated nanoparticles formed during chemical reduction of a noble metal salt (such as platinum salt) [3].”
Artificial muscle technology: physical principles and naval prospects (2004, background): “are available in a recently written review [86].”
Energy harvesting from base excitation of ionic polymer metal composites in fluid environments (2009, methodology): “A comprehensive review of modeling, fabrication, and applications of IPMCs up to the early part of this decade can be found in [27–30].”