A comparison of the sustainability of public and private transportation systems: Study of the Greater Toronto Area

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Comparing High and Low Residential Density: Life-Cycle Analysis of Energy Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions (2006, methodology): “Bus 161 g CO2 / passenger km Kennedy 2002 c”
The Four Pillars of Sustainable Urban Transportation (2005, background): “Many groups have contributed to this by establishing sustainable transportation indicators (Alberti, 1996; US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 1999; European Environment Agency, 2001; Kenworthy and Laube, 2001; Kennedy, 2002).”
Towards Sustainable Mobility Indicators: Application to the Lyons Conurbation (2003, unknown): “However integrated approaches simultaneously taking economic, social et environmental dimensions of mobility into account are also appearing (Jones, Lucas, 2000, Kennedy, 2002).”
Quantification of urban metabolism through coupling with the life cycle assessment framework: concept development and case study (2013, background): “GWP from transport stems primarily from the high usage rates of private automobiles in the city [121], while the building energy is a result of the reliance on distributed natural gas as a heating source, particularly of residential buildings [122].”